Research           It has now been over two decades since governmental health agencies have formally recognized the impact of how a nutritional diet impacts your health. The risk of developing heart disease, most forms of cancer, hypertension, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases are clearly associated with one's dietary choices. Compared to the dietary guidelines, Americans diets are too high in fat, too low in fiber, and lacking fruits and vegetables. Individual nutrients and non-nutrients have also received much attention for their role in disease prevention. For example, folic acid is thought important for the prevention of neural tube defects, calcium for the prevention of osteoporosis, and soy phospholipids for the prevention of heart disease. Many Americans fall far short of meeting the recommended levels of essential nutrients. Furthermore, there seems to be a preponderance of evidence suggesting that the intake of certain nutrients and dietary components in amounts beyond what can reasonably be obtained through the food chain may offer greater health advantages. Consequently, Americans are turning toward food supplements as a means of providing added insurance against disease. One such food supplement is SOY PHOSPHOLIPIDS, which is approximately 13% choline by weight4, (HealthReNew's-Heart ReNew TM is 23% by weight). PHOSPHOLIPIDS are found in every cell membrane in all living matter! Anything that walks, crawls, flies, slithers or grows as vegetation--in other words, anything that lives and grows, even bacteria--must have a certain amount of PHOSPHOLIPIDS in their composition. Phospholipids are essential for all vital biological cell membrane processes and cell membrane building components. The most important phospholipids are phosphatidyloline, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol1. The nucleus of most phospholipids is phosphatidic acid (PA), a diglyceride composed of a molecule of glycerol with fatty acids attached to the first two carbons and a phosphate attached to the third and nitrogenous bases such as choline. Phospholipids are amphophilic molecules with unique physicochemical properties. These intrinsic properties allow phospholipids to mimic or enhance natural physiological processes in one's body, which are widespread as secretory and structural component1. Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts to the molecule; they may very well function as emulsifying agents to maintain the proper colloidal state of protoplasm2. Phospholipids are thought to be involved in the transport of triglycerides through the liver, especially during mobilization from adipose (fatty) tissue. Because of their high concentration in the cell membranes, it is most likely they are involved in the transport of hydrophobic constituents into and out of cells3. Estimates are that Americans consume only 500-1000mg of choline per day. While outright choline deficiency is rare in free-living populations, the choline intake typical for many individuals is likely to be well below that needed for optimal health. As discussed in the following text, intriguing findings from both animal and human studies suggest the consumption of ONLY 10 GRAMS OF SOY PHOSPHOLIPIDS PER DAY may offer significant health benefits, including improved cognitive function, protection against heart disease and certain forms of cancer, and improved athletic performance. For most Americans, obtaining PHOSPHOLIPIDS at the levels thought necessary for such benefits would be very difficult through the human food chain alone. There is no better source of PHOSPHOLIPIDS than from soybeans4. SOY PHOSPHOLIPID FOOD SUPPLEMENT is safe to take with any medication; it is also KOSHER. Choline in Soy Phospholipids Choline had been recognized as part of mammalian tissues for more than a century5 and for decades has been recognized as an essential nutrient in certain animal species, including dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and rats6. Human cells in vitro require choline for growth7 and liver abnormalities have been observed in patients receiving total parental nutrition that did not include choline8. Although phospholipids can be synthesized by the body, the effects of experimentally induced choline deficiency in humans include depleted tissue stores of choline, decreased serum choline levels, significant changes in serum cholesterol, increases in serum liver enzymes, and signs of incipient liver dysfunction9. For these reasons, choline is increasingly being viewed as an essential nutrient for humans. Furthermore, as discussed below, there is intriguing data suggesting that SOY PHOSPHOLIPIDS SUPPLEMENTATION in amounts exceeding that which can be obtained easily through foods may help to improve cognitive function and reduce risk of developing such degenerative disorders as heart disease. While choline is found in free form in nature, it has no known functions except as a constituent of larger molecules. These larger molecules include the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the cell membrane phospholipid, phophatidylcholine, and the neural membrane phospholipid sphingomyelin. Choline is also a constituent of both platelets activating factor and plasmalogen and pulmonary surfactant. These choline containing molecules are involved in a wide range of biological functions, so it is not surprising that choline deficiency in animals is associated with wide sweeping effects, including renal dysfunction, infertility, growth impairment, and memory impairment5. Dietary Intake Using data from the 1970s, Zeisel et al estimated that adults in the United States consume 6g of phospholipids per day, which equates to between 600 and 1000mg of choline10. Choline is found in a variety of foods but the best sources are egg yolks, organ meats, nuts and wheat germ. Most grains, fruits and vegetables are relatively poor sources. Surveys indicate that Americans are reducing their intake of high fat animal products; with the elimination of a single egg from the typical diet, this could theoretically reduce choline intake by one-third. There has been some concern that choline intake may not be sufficient to meet biological requirements11. Because of the 13% choline by weight contained in soy phospholipids, it is seen as an excellent food supplement source by many, (Health ReNew'sTM-Heart ReNew TM has 23% by weight). Soy Phospholipids and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Lipoproteins High blood cholesterol levels are a well-established risk factor for heart disease. Research into the cholesterol lowering potential of soy phospholipids has been conducted for more than 50 years, beginning with studies in the 1940s. The early clinical studies produced impressive results. In response to consuming soy phospholipids in amounts approximating 25 grams per day, cholesterol levels decreases of 20% or more were reported in hypercholesterolemic individuals12. Although not all studies concur with these initial findings, recently Beil and Grundy reported that soy phospholipids inhibited the absorption of dietary cholesterol13. Considerably more important, however, are data indicating soy phospholipids can increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (14-16). Serum HDL-C levels are inversely related to CHD risk in both men and women, but seem to be particularly protective in women. There are relatively few factors that can substantially increase HDL-C other than the consumption of soy phospholipids. Wojeicki et al found that in response to the consumption of 10.5 grams of commercial soy phospholipids, not only were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (bad cholesterol) levels markedly reduced (38%), but (HDL-C) (good cholesterol) levels were dramatically increased (46%) 14. Consistent with these results are those from O'Brien et al, 15. They fed phospholipids derived from egg and from soybean oil and mixtures of triglycerides with fatty acid compositions similar to those of the respective dietary phospholipids. Subjects served as their own controls and consumed each of the four diets with washout periods between each dietary treatment. While total serum cholesterol levels were not significantly different between the soy phospholipids group and soy triglyceride group, the cholesterol ester content of HDL2 increased from 1.09 mmol/g protein at baseline to 1.37 mmol/g proteins after the soy phospholipids feeding. The increased HDL2 Cholesterol ester content may explain why intravenous administration of soy phospholipids has resulted in the regression of atherosclerosis in laboratory animals despite the feeding of atherogenic (fatty cholesterol) diet17. Homocysteine Homocysteine is an intermediate generated in almost all-human tissues during the metabolism of the essential amino acid, methionine. On the basis of the meta-analysis that included the results of 27 studies, Boushey et al concluded that 10% of the population's coronary artery disease risk could be attributed directly to elevated homocysteine levels and risk. Even elevated levels within what is considered to be the normal range are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease 18, 19. Several mechanisms for the association between elevated homocysteine and vascular diseases have been proposed, including effect on endothellial function, vascular smooth muscle cells, LDL-C action, coagulation pathways, and oxidative status20. In addition to the effect of homocysteine on CVD, some data indicate elevated homocysteine levels are related to poor cognitive function 21 and cancer22. Three nutrients--folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12--have been shown to influence homocysteine levels. However, an additional compound, betaine, is required for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Betaine, which acts as a methyl donor, is synthesized endogenously from choline through the action of choline dehydrogenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. In children with cystathione beta-synthase deficiency, which results in the accumulation of homocysteine due to the inability to convert homocysteine to cystathionine, betaine administration has been shown to lower homocysteine levels significantly 23,24. In other cases, homocysteine lowering by folate requires the addition of choline or betaine25. Once again, soy phospholipids are a direct controlling factor in lowering homocysteine levels. Liver Abnormalities and Liver Cancer People receiving total parental nutrition (TPN) have developed fatty infiltration of the liver and hepatocellular damage8. Supplemental choline in the form of soy phospholipids has been shown to reverse fatty liver in patients on TPN26. During choline deficiency, extremely large amounts of lipids (mainly triglycerides) accumulate in the liver, first starting in the central area of the lobule and then spreading peripherally. Choline deficiency leads to fatty liver because triglycerides must be packaged as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) to be exported from the liver. The lipotrophic action of choline stems from the fact that phosphatidylcholine is an essential component of VLDL27. The possibility that alcoholic cirrhosis results in part from inadequate intake of choline has been studied in several animal species. In baboons, soybean polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) (a mixture of 94.96% polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines) had been shown to have a preventive effect on the development of liver fibrosis after prolonged administration of ethanol28. Interestingly, PPC has also been shown to attenuate alcohol induced fatty liver, while no such effects have been observed in response to the administration of choline and linoleate in amounts similar to that contained in PPC. These results suggest that protective effects result specifically from PPC and cannot be attributed simply to a larger intake of essential fatty acids of choline. PPC is highly bioavailable and is largely incorporated into cell membranes. It appears that PPC exerts its effect, at least in rats, by preventing alcohol-induced impairments in the capacity of the hepatic mitochondria to oxidize fatty acids29. Finally, choline deficient diets produce liver cancer in experimental animals in the absence of a hepatic carcinogen30 and enhance liver carcinogenesis in the presence of a hepatic carcinogen31. Furthermore, excess choline has been shown to inhibit liver cancer in mice exposed to the carcinogen aflatoxin B132. Several theories have been proposed to explain the hepatic cancer associated with choline deficiency, including increased cell proliferation, hypomethylation of DNA, increased lipid peroxidation, and increased 1, 2-sn-diacylglyercol accumulation33. The Developing Brain and Memory Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system and is also present in the brain (figure). Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetycoenzyme A in the cytoplasm of synaptic terminals and is stored in synaptic vesicles. One cholinergic system in the brain plays a major role in learning and memory. Neurons associated with this system degenerate in people with Alzheimer's disease. Soy phospholipids have been shown to be useful as a treatment for people with tardive dyskinesia, a disorder that appears to involve defective cholinergic nerve transmission34. Consumption of choline can raise plasma choline levels, resulting in an increase in brain choline and acetylcholine levels35. Acetylcholine levels may be deficient in certain neurological disorders, especially in the elderly6. In acute tests involving college students, 25 grams of phophatidylcholine was shown to improve explicit memory (as measured by a serial learning task) 90 minutes after ingestion with the biggest impact being observed in subjects considered to be slow learners36. In older rats, choline supplementation increased the number of dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex and improved memory37. Compared with maternal serum levels, choline in cord blood is concentrated 14 fold and is concentrated 100 fold in breast milk, suggesting an important role for choline in the developing brain 38,39. Based on the amount of choline in breast milk, recommendations (7mg choline/100 calories) have been made for the fortification of infant formulas for proper growth and development of the infant. Rat studies have shown that maternal intake determines how much choline the brain of the developing rat can access. Supplementation of choline to female dogs during specific pre- and postnatal development periods results in profound improvements in memory function in their puppies. The improvements extend into adulthood40. Although there has been much discussion of late about the importance of folate for reducing risk of neural tube defects, animal data suggesting that choline may work with folate in this regard are often overlooked41. Also, choline, because it is a constituent of platelet-activating factor, is involved in implanting the egg in the uterine wall, fetal maturation, and inducing labor 42. Furthermore, in test tubes, soy phospholipids restored normal structure and movement to abnormal sperm cells and nearly doubled the ability of sperm to enter and fertilize an egg 43,44. Phospholipids and signal transduction Signal transduction is a relatively new term that refers to the process by which hormones and other substances transmit messages from the cell's surface to its interior. As an integral part of cell membranes, phospholipids are directly involved in cell signaling. As a constituent of cell membranes, phospholipids consist of a variety of molecular species, including ester-, ether-, and vinyl-linked forms. In response to cell stimuli, phospholipids are broken down by specific phospholipases, resulting in a number of hydrolysis products that have the potential to act as second messengers and thus markedly influence cellular processes. Soy Phospholipids and Athletic Performance A new area of research involves the effects of soy phospholipids food supplementation on athletic performance. The mechanism by which SOY PHOSPHOLIPIDS FOOD SUPPLEMENT may enhance athletic performance could theoretically stem from the role that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has on innervating muscle fibers and/or from the fact that the choline-containing molecule sphingomyelin is a component of neural membranes. Additionally, choline supplements have been shown to reduce the urinary excretion of carnitine through the conservation of skeletal muscle carnitine. Importantly, this study also found that there appeared to be an increase in tissue capacity for fatty acid oxidation, a beneficial effect due to the increased synthesis of carnitine45. Not even carnitine supplementation is thought to increase skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations. Finally, plasma choline levels drop markedly during endurance exercise46, and some research suggests this drop can be prevented by choline supplementation prior to the onset of exercise, and thusly the individual's performance can be enhanced47. Soy Protein Protein is the master builder, according to Dr. Earl Mindell. He states, "Protein is the basic nutrient capable of building, repairing and maintaining all the body tissues. Protein is the master builder of the human body". He goes on to say, "It is the most complex substance known to man. Protein contains nitrogen and sulfur which break up or oxidize to obtain also energy". One of the best known sources for protein is from the soy bean, SOY PROTEIN. Soy protein also contains many of the essential Amino Acids that the body needs, but can not produce. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. There are two kinds of amino acids, essential and nonessential. Essential amino acid cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied from the outside. Nonessential amino acids can be made from nonessential amino acids. Complete proteins are composed of essential amino acids. The absence of even one essential amino acid in the right amount will stop protein synthesis. In October 1999 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced the approval of a health claim for soy protein. It states approved claims 21CFR 101.82 at least 6.25 grams of soy protein, low in fat (less than 3 grams) low in saturated fat (1 gram) per day. Based on over 50 studies, that 25 grams of soy protein included daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. If a manufacture meets these requirements it may use the claim, "XYZ Company's product may reduce the risk of heart disease". Recent studies have shown key properties of soy protein help with weight loss. The study shows that consumption of soy protein rich in isoflavones decreases fat depositions (storage) while increasing lean muscle mass. Soy is a low-glycemic index food that minimizes insulin fluctuations. Soy helps to decrease the amount of fat ones body stores. This means, one converts less calories into fat form the food one eats. Soy smoothes out the insulin levels in ones body, thusly, decreases fat storage. Proteins provide 10 to 15 percent of total energy expenditure during exercise of long duration. Mood swings! Hot flashes! Night sweats! These are most likely the tell tales signs of peri-menopause for women. If western women were to ingest as much soy as their counter parts do in the Asian countries, they would experience for fewer symptoms. Health experts recommend one to consume any where from 25-100 milligrams of isoflavones per day. These amounts demonstrate needed benefit to bones, heart and reduction in menopausal hot flashes. L-arginine Commonly expressed as just arginine! Arginine is an essential amino acid, which means the human body cannot produce it and has to obtain it from foods and dietary supplements. In the correct dosage, arginine stimulates the anterior pituitary into releasing Growth Hormone, (GH) which in turn increases the insulin-like Growth Factor Type 1 (IGF-1). According to Emiliano Corpas, "Endocrine Reviews", "arginine is a single chain polypeptide which is comprised of 191 amino acids". One does not have to increase the GH level much in order to obtain levels of 10 percent to 20 percent increase in the IGF-1 level. This rise in IGF-1 has a tremendous positive effect on the human body; one such effect is people with diabetes. As people get older their pituitary activity levels slows down or in some cases completely stop functioning. In cases were the pituitary stops completely, the individual must seek medical help and most likely receive HGH shots or in the case were it has just slowed down, it can be reactivated with the correct mixture of arginine. Arginine assists the pancreas in insulin release and helps control glucose level in diabetics. The GH levels decrease with age, whilst the insuline remaines the same or even increases. With the decrease in GH, the insulin is left to turn every calorie into fat globules for later use. By suppressing the action of somatostatin, arginine raises the GH levels, thusly raising the IGF-1 levels, which in turn affects the insulin. As one can see and appreciate, GH and Insulin are both our friends, but must be balanced properly to work together to give life. In short the increase in GH increases IGF-1 which in turn promotes many biological changes in ones over all body functions, primarily youthful vitality: thusly the prolongation of an health active life. L-leucine Is a white, crystalline amino acid, produced by the decomposition of proteins. It is a branch of three amino acids (BCAA), leucine, isoleucine, and valine, having interlocking methyl groups. BCAAs are essential amino acids. A deficiency of these three amino acids can have a major affect on ones life. Leucine affects the liver, thymus, adrenals and gonads; isoleucine affects nitrogen balance; valine affects muscle coordination and makes one abnormally sensitive to sensory stimuli. Insulin transports BCAAs into the muscle cells where they are used up very quickly, especially if one is exercising. BCAAs prodauce glycogen, which in turn helps balance the secretion of insulin. Soy protein is a good source, as well as egg whites and whey protein. Most likely if one is ingesting high levels of good quality protein; one will not have the need for additional BCAA supplements. Omega 3 Omega 3 fatty oils are the most important oils that one can ingest. They help in promoting weight loss, longevity; essentially they protect one against nearly every known degenerative disease. These fats are one of the most important nutrients in ones diet for the protection and prevention of heart disease, cancer, obesity, and depression, just to name a few. Omega 3 fats are the first fats to burn off when losing weight. They are an energy booster helping one to exercise longer. Omega 3 oils help the bodies muscle cells respond more efficiently to insulin, thusly burning calories better. Omega 3 seems to be the missing component in the diet of most of the world's population and the easiest to obtain. It is readily found in all cold water fish, flaxseed and the most uncommon thought of place is SOY BEANS; Soy Protein and Soy Phospholipids. Conclusion Based on the research outlined and studies cited in this report, it is clear that as a bioavailable source of choice, Health ReNew'sTM-Heart ReNew TM must be considered an important tool in THE FIGHT AGAINST HEART DISEASE as well as in the fight against memory function, cancer, and other diseases. With the ingestion of only two tablespoon per day of Health Renew'sTM-Heart ReNew TM ALL NATURAL SOY FOOD SUPPLEMENT We give you the choice of life with Heart ReNew TM   REFERENCES 1.        Phospholipids:Natyrak Advance in Cosmetics 2.        Phospholipids: Business Focus 3.        Master, Gary. "Phospholipds." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995,CD-ROM. Compton's NewMedia, Inc.,1994. 4.        ADM Research Lab.2000. 5.        Uber einige neue Bestandthelle der Schweingalle. Anna Chem Pharm 1862; 123:353-360. 6.        Vitamin-like molecules: Phosphatidyl-choline. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disase.(M. Shils and V. Young,eds.) 1988;p.440-458. 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